Muscular Performance Is Not Significantly Altered Throughout Phases of the Menstrual Cycle or a Hormonal Contraceptive Cycle in Collegiate Softball Players

Abstract

Potential variability in neuromuscular function or physiology throughout the menstrual cycle (MC) or a cycle of using hormonal contraceptives may affect muscular performance variables that are relevant to exercise, training, or sport. Collegiate softball players (n = 11) that reported using and not using hormonal contraceptives completed three testing sessions during their respective early follicular, ovulatory, and mid luteal phases of the MC or early, mid, or late phases of their hormonal contraceptive cycle (HCC). Each testing session included a series of performance tests: countermovement jump on a force plate, 15-yard sprints, velocity assessment of the back squat performed at 70% of one-repetition maximum (1-RM), one-repetition maximum bench press, and 70% 1-RM repetitions to failure testing on the bench press. No significant differences were found for any of the performance tests between the three phases, though performance on most tasks peaked during the mid luteal/late phases of the MC/HCC. It is important to note that this study was underpowered and this could have masked any observed differences. Collectively, muscular performance was not significantly different throughout phases of the MC or HCC in these athletes, indicating that potential hormonal variability throughout the MC or HCC did not seem to have an effect on performance outcomes in this study.

Department(s)

School of Health Sciences

Document Type

Article

DOI

10.3390/muscles4030037

Keywords

athletes, female, muscular performance, performance testing, sprint, strength

Publication Date

9-1-2025

Journal Title

Muscles

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